Visual pigment in normal miniature poodles and those with progressive rod-cone degeneration (prcd), a late-onset autosomal recessive photoreceptor degeneration, has been studied using imaging fundus reflectometry (IFR). The stage to which the disease had advanced in the animals with prcd was assessed with electroretinography (ERG). Measurements were carried out on seven affected, two heterozygous and three homozygous normal animals. The IFR measurements showed that the in situ difference spectrum of visual pigment measured in the central retina of the normal poodle is typical of vertebrate rhodopsin, with a maximum at about 510 nm. Rhodopsin regeneration following extensive bleaches continues for up to 70 min. In poodles with prcd, rhodopsin is spectrally normal and regenerates at normal rates. In young affected animals under 1 year of age, the final levels of rhodopsin could already be substantially reduced. Serial measurements of visual pigment in these dogs showed differences in the degree and spatial pattern of pigment loss and rate of progression between animals. The extent of visual pigment loss also differed among the older (greater than 4.5 years) affected animals: while in one animal no pigment could be detected, in another a central band of retina was relatively spared, and significant levels of visual pigment were measured within it. Pigment levels measured within the central 25 degrees of the retinas of poodles heterozygous for prcd were lower than those in normal animals, even though their ERGs were within the normal range.