Biomaterial Database

Clinical endocrinology and metabolism. Development of gut endocrine cells. 2004

Catherine S Lee, and Klaus H Kaestner

Department of Genetics and Penn Diabetes Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

During development, the definitive endoderm differentiates into several gastrointestinal epithelial lineages, including enteroendocrine cells. The enteroendocrine lineage consists of at least 15 different cell types that are categorized based on their morphology, location and peptide hormone expression. The mechanisms regulating enteroendocrine cell differentiation are likely to be critical not only in embryonic development, but also during the constant renewal of gut epithelia in the adult. The identification of transcription factors and regulatory DNA elements required for cell type-specific gene expression in various endocrine cell types has broadened our understanding of the regulatory networks controlling the spatial and temporal activation of enteroendocrine differentiation programs. This chapter will review recent studies of transcription factors during enteroendocrine cell differentiation, with a focus on the central role for the Notch signaling pathway in enteroendocrine cell fate decisions.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D002454	Cell Differentiation	Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.	Differentiation, Cell,Cell Differentiations,Differentiations, Cell
D004064	Digestive System	A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	Ailmentary System,Alimentary System
D005768	Gastrointestinal Hormones	HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.	Enteric Hormone,Enteric Hormones,Gastrointestinal Hormone,Intestinal Hormone,Intestinal Hormones,Hormone, Enteric,Hormone, Gastrointestinal,Hormone, Intestinal,Hormones, Enteric,Hormones, Gastrointestinal,Hormones, Intestinal
D005801	Genes, Homeobox	Genes that encode highly conserved TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that control positional identity of cells (BODY PATTERNING) and MORPHOGENESIS throughout development. Their sequences contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. The proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS.	Genes, Homeotic,Homeobox Sequence,Homeotic Genes,Genes, Homeo Box,Homeo Box,Homeo Box Sequence,Homeo Boxes,Homeobox,Homeoboxes,Hox Genes,Sequence, Homeo Box,Gene, Homeo Box,Gene, Homeobox,Gene, Homeotic,Gene, Hox,Genes, Hox,Homeo Box Gene,Homeo Box Genes,Homeo Box Sequences,Homeobox Gene,Homeobox Genes,Homeobox Sequences,Homeotic Gene,Hox Gene,Sequence, Homeobox,Sequences, Homeo Box,Sequences, Homeobox
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D013234	Stem Cells	Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.	Colony-Forming Units,Mother Cells,Progenitor Cells,Colony-Forming Unit,Cell, Mother,Cell, Progenitor,Cell, Stem,Cells, Mother,Cells, Progenitor,Cells, Stem,Colony Forming Unit,Colony Forming Units,Mother Cell,Progenitor Cell,Stem Cell
D015398	Signal Transduction	The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.	Cell Signaling,Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction,Signal Pathways,Receptor Mediated Signal Transduction,Signal Transduction Pathways,Signal Transduction Systems,Pathway, Signal,Pathway, Signal Transduction,Pathways, Signal,Pathways, Signal Transduction,Receptor-Mediated Signal Transductions,Signal Pathway,Signal Transduction Pathway,Signal Transduction System,Signal Transduction, Receptor-Mediated,Signal Transductions,Signal Transductions, Receptor-Mediated,System, Signal Transduction,Systems, Signal Transduction,Transduction, Signal,Transductions, Signal
D019858	Enteroendocrine Cells	Cells found throughout the lining of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that contain and secrete regulatory PEPTIDE HORMONES and/or BIOGENIC AMINES.	Endocrine Cells of Gut,Endocrine Cells, Gastrointestinal,Intestinal L Cells,Intestinal Secretin Cells,L Cells (Intestine),S Cells (Intestine),Secretin Cells of Gut,Endocrine Cell, Gastrointestinal,Enteroendocrine Cell,Gastrointestinal Endocrine Cell,Gastrointestinal Endocrine Cells,Gut Endocrine Cell,Gut Endocrine Cells,Gut Secretin Cell,Gut Secretin Cells,Intestinal L Cell,Intestinal Secretin Cell,L Cell (Intestine),L Cell, Intestinal,L Cells, Intestinal,S Cell (Intestine),Secretin Cell, Intestinal,Secretin Cells, Intestinal