The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of gentamicin sulphate (5 mg/kg body weight) were studied in 50 female broiler chickens after single intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), subcutaneous (s.c.) and oral administration. Blood samples were collected at time 0 (pretreatment), and at 5, 15 and 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h after drug administration. Gentamicin concentrations were determined using a microbiological assay and Bacillus subtillis ATCC 6633 as a test organism. The limit of quantification was 0.2 microg/ml. The plasma concentration-time curves were analysed using non-compartmental methods based on statistical moment theory. Following i.v. administration, the elimination half-life (t (1/2beta)), the mean residence time (MRT), the volume of distribution at steady state (V (ss)), the volume of distribution (V (d,area)) and the total body clearance (Cl(B)) were 2.93 +/- 0.15 h, 2.08 +/- 0.12 h, 0.77 +/- 0.05 L/kg, 1.68 +/- 0.39 L/kg and 5.06 +/- 0.21 ml/min per kg, respectively. After i.m. and s.c. dosing, the mean peak plasma concentrations (C (max)) were 11.37 +/- 0.73 and 16.65 +/- 1.36 microg/ml, achieved at a post-injection times (t (max)) of 0.55 +/- 0.05 and 0.75 +/- 0.08 h, respectively. The t (1/2beta) was 2.87 +/- 0.44 and 3.48 +/- 0.37 h, respectively after i.m. and s.c. administration. The V (d,area) and Cl(B) were 1.49 +/- 0.21 L/kg and 6.18 +/- 0.31 ml/min per kg, respectively, after i.m. administration and were 1.43 +/- 0.19 L/kg and 4.7 +/- 0.33 ml/min per kg, respectively, after s.c. administration. The absolute bioavailability (F) of gentamicin after i.m. administration was lower (79%) than that after s.c. administration (100%). Substantial differences in the resultant kinetics data were obtained between i.m. and s.c. administration. The in vitro protein binding of gentamicin in chicken plasma was 6.46%.