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IL-2 is a potent activator of effector and secretory activities of human monocytes. Since monocytes are an important source of IL-6, we investigated whether IL-2 can induce IL-6 production and whether regulatory circuits can modulate this process. We found that stimulation of monocytes with IL-2 induced expression of IL-6 mRNA and bioactivity in a dose-dependent manner. Production of IL-6 in monocytes can be induced by other cytokines such as IL-1 beta. By using mAb alpha-IL-1 beta we showed that IL-2-induced IL-6 production is not mediated by the autocrine stimulation of IL-1 beta elicited by IL-2. IL-6 induction by monocytes is not a common response to activating signals because IFN-gamma did not induce IL-6 expression under conditions in which it elicits tumoricidal activity. In contrast, IFN-gamma could completely abrogate the induction of IL-6 expression by IL-1 beta but did not affect the levels of mRNA and the secretion of IL-2-elicited IL-6. We have previously reported that transforming growth factor-beta inhibits IL-6 production in response to IL-1 beta. Studies on the inhibitory activity of transforming growth factor-beta demonstrated that this cytokine differs from IFN-gamma because it inhibited both IL-1- and IL-2-induced IL-6 expression. These data demonstrate that, in human monocytes, both IL-1 and IL-2 stimulate IL-6 expression by independent mechanisms that can be dissociated by the susceptibility to the inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma. IL-6 production is also down-regulated by TGF-beta, whose inhibitory activity is stimulus-unrelated.
T Musso, and
I Espinoza-Delgado, and
K Pulkki, and
G L Gusella, and
D L Longo, and
L Varesio
June 1998,
Zhonghua shi yan he lin chuang bing du xue za zhi = Zhonghua shiyan he linchuang bingduxue zazhi = Chinese journal of experimental and clinical virology,
T Musso, and
I Espinoza-Delgado, and
K Pulkki, and
G L Gusella, and
D L Longo, and
L Varesio
April 2007,
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950),
T Musso, and
I Espinoza-Delgado, and
K Pulkki, and
G L Gusella, and
D L Longo, and
L Varesio
June 2016,
Medical microbiology and immunology,
T Musso, and
I Espinoza-Delgado, and
K Pulkki, and
G L Gusella, and
D L Longo, and
L Varesio
April 1998,
Atherosclerosis,
T Musso, and
I Espinoza-Delgado, and
K Pulkki, and
G L Gusella, and
D L Longo, and
L Varesio
January 1999,
Research communications in molecular pathology and pharmacology,
T Musso, and
I Espinoza-Delgado, and
K Pulkki, and
G L Gusella, and
D L Longo, and
L Varesio
June 2016,
Medical microbiology and immunology,
T Musso, and
I Espinoza-Delgado, and
K Pulkki, and
G L Gusella, and
D L Longo, and
L Varesio
November 1994,
Clinical and experimental immunology,
T Musso, and
I Espinoza-Delgado, and
K Pulkki, and
G L Gusella, and
D L Longo, and
L Varesio
October 1997,
Blood,
T Musso, and
I Espinoza-Delgado, and
K Pulkki, and
G L Gusella, and
D L Longo, and
L Varesio
June 1992,
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950),
T Musso, and
I Espinoza-Delgado, and
K Pulkki, and
G L Gusella, and
D L Longo, and
L Varesio
February 1994,
Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme,
