The paper deals with the important urgent problem in the provision of epidemiological drinking water. It considers the chemical, biological, toxicological, technological, environmental, and economic aspects of the use of chlorine dioxide as a highly effective disinfecting and oxidizing agent in water purification and decontamination processes. The authors present the results of their own studies. They conclude that chlorine dioxide is an epidemiologically, ecologically, and toxicologically safe and technologically adequate and economically acceptable agent for water treatment in the domestic water supply systems of localities.