Novel characteristics of sophorolipids, yeast glycolipid biosurfactants, as biodegradable low-foaming surfactants. 2009

Yoshihiko Hirata, and Mizuyuki Ryu, and Yuka Oda, and Keisuke Igarashi, and Asami Nagatsuka, and Taro Furuta, and Masaki Sugiura
Biochemical Laboratory, Saraya Co., Ltd., 24-12 Tamate-cho, Kashiwara, Osaka 582-0028, Japan. hirata@saraya.com

Sophorolipids (SLs) are a family of glycolipid type biosurfactants, which are largely produced by the non-pathogenic yeast, Candida bombicola. In order to investigate the possibility of SLs for industrial use, here we examined the interfacial activities, cytotoxicity and biodegradability of SLs, and compared these properties with those of two lipopeptide type biosurfactants (surfactin and arthrofactin), sodium laurate (soap, SP) and four kinds of chemically synthesized surfactants including two block-copolymer nonionic surfactants (BPs), polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (AE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). It was indicated that SLs had extremely low-foaming properties and high detergency comparable with commercially available low-foaming BPs. These interfacial activities of SLs were maintained under 100 ppm water hardness. Cytotoxicity of SLs on human keratinocytes was the same as surfactin, which has already been commercialized as cosmetic material, but higher than BPs. Moreover, biodegradability of SLs using the OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals (301C, Modified MITI Test) displayed that SLs can be classified as "readily" biodegradable chemicals, which are defined as chemicals that are degraded 60% within 28 days under specified test methods. We observed 61% degradation of SLs on the eighth day of cultivation. Our results indicate that SLs are low-foaming surfactants with high detergency, which also exhibit both low cytotoxicity and readily biodegradable properties.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D010456 Peptides, Cyclic Peptides whose amino acid residues are linked together forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; some are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL). Circular Peptide,Cyclic Peptide,Cyclic Peptides,Cyclopeptide,Orbitide,Circular Peptides,Cyclopeptides,Orbitides,Peptide, Circular,Peptide, Cyclic,Peptides, Circular
D011092 Polyethylene Glycols Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS. Macrogols,Polyoxyethylenes,Carbowax,Macrogol,Polyethylene Glycol,Polyethylene Oxide,Polyethyleneoxide,Polyglycol,Glycol, Polyethylene,Glycols, Polyethylene,Oxide, Polyethylene,Oxides, Polyethylene,Polyethylene Oxides,Polyethyleneoxides,Polyglycols,Polyoxyethylene
D002175 Candida A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS; and CANDIDIASIS, ORAL (THRUSH). Candida guilliermondii var. nitratophila,Candida utilis,Cyberlindnera jadinii,Hansenula jadinii,Lindnera jadinii,Monilia,Pichia jadinii,Saccharomyces jadinii,Torula utilis,Torulopsis utilis,Monilias
D002478 Cells, Cultured Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others. Cultured Cells,Cell, Cultured,Cultured Cell
D006017 Glycolipids Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage) Glycolipid
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000077423 Polidocanol An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS. Aethoxysclerol,Aethoxysklerol,Aetoxisclerol,Atossisclerol,Atoxysclerol,Brij 30,Brij-30,Dodecyl Ethyleneglycol Monoether,Ethoxysclerol,Hydroxypolyethoxydodecane,Laureth,Laureth 9,Laureth-1,Laureth-4,Laureth-7,Laureth-9,Lauromacrogol,Lauromacrogol 400,Lauromacrogols,Lubrol 12A9,Lubrol-PX,Nonaethylene Glycol Monododecyl Ether,Nonaethyleneglycol Monododecyl Ether,Polyethylene Glycol Monododecyl Ether,Polyethylene Glycol-7-lauryl Ether,Polyoxyethylene 9-lauryl Ether,Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Ether,Polyoxyethylene(4) Lauryl Ether,Polyoxyethylene-4-dodecyl Ether,Polyoxyethylenedodecyl Ether,Tetraethylene Glycol Dodecyl Ether,Tetraethyleneglycol Lauryl Ether,Thesit,alpha-Dodecyl-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2ethanediyl),Brij30,Dodecyl Ethyleneglycol Monoethers,Ether, Nonaethyleneglycol Monododecyl,Ether, Polyethylene Glycol-7-lauryl,Ether, Polyoxyethylene 9-lauryl,Ether, Polyoxyethylene Lauryl,Ether, Polyoxyethylene-4-dodecyl,Ether, Tetraethyleneglycol Lauryl,Ethyleneglycol Monoether, Dodecyl,Laureth 1,Laureth 4,Laureth 7,Laureths,Lauryl Ether, Tetraethyleneglycol,Lubrol PX,Monododecyl Ether, Nonaethyleneglycol,Monoether, Dodecyl Ethyleneglycol,Nonaethyleneglycol Monododecyl Ethers,Polidocanols,Polyethylene Glycol 7 lauryl Ether,Polyethylene Glycol-7-lauryl Ethers,Polyoxyethylene 4 dodecyl Ether,Polyoxyethylene 9 lauryl Ether,Polyoxyethylene 9-lauryl Ethers,Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Ethers,Polyoxyethylenedodecyl Ethers,Tetraethyleneglycol Lauryl Ethers
D012967 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry. Sodium Lauryl Sulfate,Irium,Dodecyl Sulfate, Sodium,Lauryl Sulfate, Sodium,Sulfate, Sodium Dodecyl,Sulfate, Sodium Lauryl
D013501 Surface-Active Agents Agents that modify interfacial tension of water; usually substances that have one lipophilic and one hydrophilic group in the molecule; includes soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, dispersing and wetting agents, and several groups of antiseptics. Surface Active Agent,Surface-Active Agent,Surfactant,Surfactants,Tenside,Amphiphilic Agents,Surface Active Agents,Tensides,Active Agent, Surface,Active Agents, Surface,Agent, Surface Active,Agent, Surface-Active,Agents, Amphiphilic,Agents, Surface Active,Agents, Surface-Active
D015603 Keratinocytes Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. Keratinocyte

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