In the present study, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl), an ionic liquid (IL), was used to extract cellulose from pine, poplar, Chinese parasol, and catalpa wood chips. Results show that pine is the most suitable wood species for cellulose extraction with ILs. Its cellulose extraction rate can reach as high as 62% under optimized conditions and its cellulose content is as high as 85% when DMSO/water is used as the precipitant. The dissolution process can be clearly observed by hot stage optical microscopy, and the reaction time can be significantly reduced by microwave irradiation. (13)C CP/MAS NMR, FTIR, XRD, and SEM were used to analyze the cellulose-rich extracts of pine. Results show that IL dissolves pine wood by destroying inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonds between lignocelluloses. The major component of pine extract is cellulose with a homogeneous and dense structure. After extraction, AmimCl can be easily recycled and reused.