Biomaterial Database

The bacterial CRISPR/Cas system as analog of the mammalian adaptive immune system. 2012

Moran Goren, and Ido Yosef, and Rotem Edgar, and Udi Qimron

Tel Aviv University, Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.

Bacteria, like mammals, have to constantly defend themselves from viral attack. Like mammals, they use both innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. In this point of view we highlight the commonalities between defense systems of bacteria and mammals. Our focus is on the recently discovered bacterial adaptive immune system, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and their associated proteins (Cas). We suggest that fundamental aspects of CRISPR/Cas immunity may be viewed in light of the vast accumulated knowledge on the mammalian immune system, and propose that further insights will be revealed by thorough comparison between the systems.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D004262	DNA Restriction Enzymes	Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.	Restriction Endonucleases,DNA Restriction Enzyme,Restriction Endonuclease,Endonuclease, Restriction,Endonucleases, Restriction,Enzymes, DNA Restriction,Restriction Enzyme, DNA,Restriction Enzymes, DNA
D004279	DNA, Viral	Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.	Viral DNA
D004926	Escherichia coli	A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.	Alkalescens-Dispar Group,Bacillus coli,Bacterium coli,Bacterium coli commune,Diffusely Adherent Escherichia coli,E coli,EAggEC,Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli,Enterococcus coli,Diffusely Adherent E. coli,Enteroaggregative E. coli,Enteroinvasive E. coli,Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D001435	Bacteriophages	Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.	Phages,Bacteriophage,Phage
D055029	Inverted Repeat Sequences	Copies of nucleic acid sequence that are arranged in opposing orientation. They may lie adjacent to each other (tandem) or be separated by some sequence that is not part of the repeat (hyphenated). They may be true palindromic repeats, i.e. read the same backwards as forward, or complementary which reads as the base complement in the opposite orientation. Complementary inverted repeats have the potential to form hairpin loop or stem-loop structures which results in cruciform structures (such as CRUCIFORM DNA) when the complementary inverted repeats occur in double stranded regions.	Hairpin Loop Sequence,Inverted Repeat Sequence,Inverted Tandem Repeats,Palindromic Repeat Sequences,Sequence Palindromes,Stem-Loop Sequence,Hairpin Loop Sequences,Inverted Tandem Repeat,Palindrome, Sequence,Palindromes, Sequence,Palindromic Repeat Sequence,Repeat Sequence, Inverted,Repeat Sequence, Palindromic,Repeat Sequences, Inverted,Repeat Sequences, Palindromic,Repeat, Inverted Tandem,Repeats, Inverted Tandem,Sequence Palindrome,Sequence, Hairpin Loop,Sequence, Inverted Repeat,Sequence, Palindromic Repeat,Sequence, Stem-Loop,Sequences, Hairpin Loop,Sequences, Inverted Repeat,Sequences, Palindromic Repeat,Sequences, Stem-Loop,Stem Loop Sequence,Stem-Loop Sequences,Tandem Repeat, Inverted,Tandem Repeats, Inverted
D056704	Adaptive Immunity	Protection from an infectious disease agent that is mediated by B- and T- LYMPHOCYTES following exposure to specific antigen, and characterized by IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY. It can result from either previous infection with that agent or vaccination (IMMUNITY, ACTIVE), or transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from an immune donor (IMMUNIZATION, PASSIVE).	Acquired Immunity,Hybrid Immunity,Adaptive Immune Response,Adoptive Immunity,Immunity, Adaptive,Hybrid Immunities,Immune Response, Adaptive,Immunity, Acquired,Immunity, Adoptive,Immunity, Hybrid,Response, Adaptive Immune
D029968	Escherichia coli Proteins	Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.	E coli Proteins

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