Liveweight of calves on 89 dairy farms was measured at the end of the grazing season and related per herd to the level of exposure to nematode infection during the grazing season. There were significant between-herd variations in antibody titres against Ostertagia spp., Cooperia spp. and Dictyocaulus viviparus as well as in pepsinogen values. All but six herds (93.1%) had gastrointestinal nematode infections, as measured by faecal egg counts in September. Faecal samples of 17 herds (19.3%) contained lungworm larvae in September. Liveweight of calves per herd deviated from -68.1 kg to +84.1 kg from the age-adjusted population mean after their first grazing season. Growth performance up to the time of liveweight measurements was significantly correlated negatively with several serological and parasitological parameters. Data could be fitted by means of both linear and segmented curvilinear regression. Antibody titre against Cooperia spp. and gastrointestinal nematode egg output measured in September accounted for 3.1% (P less than 0.10) and 6.7% (P less than 0.05), respectively, of the variation in growth performance among herds. Certain infection parameters, when combined, accounted for 9.2% of this variation; these were antibody titre against Cooperia spp. and larval counts for both gastrointestinal nematodes and lungworm. Adding certain management factors to these infection parameters resulted in a model explaining 27.6% of the observed variation in growth performance among herds. These factors were supplementary feeding, lungworm vaccination, anthelmintic treatment at housing, date of housing and herd age.