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The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors in the treatment of HIV infections (AIDS). 2013

Erik De Clercq
Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. erik.declercq@rega.kuleuven.be

The majority of the drugs currently used for the treatment of HIV infections (AIDS) belong to either of the following three classes: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs). At present, there are 7 NRTIs, 5 NNRTIs, and 10 PIs approved for clinical use. They are discussed from the following viewpoints: (i) chemical formulae; (ii) mechanism of action; (iii) drug combinations; (iv) clinical aspects; (v) preexposure prophylaxis; (vi) prevention of mother-to-child transmission; (vii) their use in children; (viii) toxicity; (ix) adherence (compliance); (x) resistance; (xi) new NRTIs, NNRTIs, or PIs in (pre)clinical development; and (xii) the prospects for a "cure" of the disease.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D006678 HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2. AIDS Virus,HTLV-III,Human Immunodeficiency Viruses,Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type III,Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III,LAV-HTLV-III,Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus,Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Virus,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Virus,Human Immunodeficiency Virus,Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type III,Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type III,Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type III,Immunodeficiency Virus, Human,Immunodeficiency Viruses, Human,Virus, Human Immunodeficiency,Viruses, Human Immunodeficiency,AIDS Viruses,Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type III,Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus,Lymphadenopathy-Associated Viruses,Virus, AIDS,Virus, Lymphadenopathy-Associated,Viruses, AIDS,Viruses, Lymphadenopathy-Associated
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000163 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. AIDS,Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Acquired,Immunologic Deficiency Syndrome, Acquired,Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome,Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome,Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome,Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndromes,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes,Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome, Acquired,Immuno-Deficiency Syndromes, Acquired,Immunodeficiency Syndromes, Acquired,Syndrome, Acquired Immuno-Deficiency,Syndrome, Acquired Immunodeficiency,Syndromes, Acquired Immuno-Deficiency,Syndromes, Acquired Immunodeficiency
D015507 Drugs, Investigational Drugs which have received FDA approval for human testing but have yet to be approved for commercial marketing. This includes drugs used for treatment while they still are undergoing clinical trials (Treatment IND). The main heading includes drugs under investigation in foreign countries. Investigational Drug,Investigational New Drug,Investigational New Drugs,Investigational Drugs,Drug, Investigational,Drug, Investigational New,Drugs, Investigational New,New Drug, Investigational,New Drugs, Investigational
D017320 HIV Protease Inhibitors Inhibitors of HIV PROTEASE, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly. HIV Protease Inhibitor,Inhibitor, HIV Protease,Inhibitors, HIV Protease,Protease Inhibitor, HIV,Protease Inhibitors, HIV
D055118 Medication Adherence Voluntary cooperation of the patient in taking drugs or medicine as prescribed. This includes timing, dosage, and frequency. Drug Adherence,Drug Compliance,Medication Compliance,Medication Nonadherence,Medication Non-Adherence,Medication Non-Compliance,Medication Noncompliance,Medication Persistence,Adherence, Drug,Adherence, Medication,Compliance, Drug,Compliance, Medication,Medication Non Adherence,Medication Non Compliance,Non-Adherence, Medication,Non-Compliance, Medication,Nonadherence, Medication,Noncompliance, Medication,Persistence, Medication
D018562 Disease Transmission, Infectious The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal or vertical (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). Close-Contact Infectious Disease Transmission,Close-Contact Transmission,Community Spread,Community Transmission,Disease Superspreader Event,Disease Superspreading,Droplet Transmission of Infectious Disease,Droplet Transmission, Infectious Disease,Infectious Disease Droplet Transmission,Person-to-Person Transmission,Autochthonous Transmission,Communicable Disease Transmission,Horizontal Transmission of Infection,Horizontal Transmission of Infectious Disease,Infection Transmission,Infection Transmission, Horizontal,Infectious Disease Transmission,Infectious Disease Transmission, Horizontal,Pathogen Transmission,Pathogen Transmission, Horizontal,Transmission of Infectious Disease,Transmission, Infectious Disease,Autochthonous Transmissions,Close Contact Infectious Disease Transmission,Close Contact Transmission,Close-Contact Transmissions,Community Transmissions,Disease Superspreader Events,Disease Superspreadings,Disease Transmission, Communicable,Event, Disease Superspreader,Events, Disease Superspreader,Infection Horizontal Transmission,Person to Person Transmission,Superspreader Event, Disease,Superspreader Events, Disease,Superspreading, Disease,Superspreadings, Disease,Transmission, Autochthonous,Transmission, Close-Contact,Transmission, Communicable Disease,Transmission, Infection,Transmission, Pathogen,Transmission, Person-to-Person,Transmissions, Autochthonous,Transmissions, Community
D018894 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor,Inhibitors, Reverse Transcriptase,Inhibitor, Reverse Transcriptase,Transcriptase Inhibitor, Reverse
D019380 Anti-HIV Agents Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS. AIDS Drug,AIDS Drugs,Anti-AIDS Agents,Anti-AIDS Drug,Anti-HIV Agent,Anti-HIV Drug,Anti-AIDS Drugs,Anti-HIV Drugs,Agent, Anti-HIV,Agents, Anti-AIDS,Agents, Anti-HIV,Anti AIDS Agents,Anti AIDS Drug,Anti AIDS Drugs,Anti HIV Agent,Anti HIV Agents,Anti HIV Drug,Anti HIV Drugs,Drug, AIDS,Drug, Anti-AIDS,Drug, Anti-HIV,Drugs, AIDS,Drugs, Anti-AIDS,Drugs, Anti-HIV
D024882 Drug Resistance, Viral The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation. Antiviral Drug Resistance,Antiviral Drug Resistances,Drug Resistances, Viral

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