BIOMAT Database Logo BIOMAT Database Logo

Functional analysis of the Tat trans activator of human immunodeficiency virus type 2. 1989

R Fenrick, and M H Malim, and J Hauber, and S Y Le, and J Maizel, and B R Cullen
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.

The trans-activator (Tat) proteins of the related but distinct type 1 and type 2 human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) display incomplete functional reciprocity. One possible explanation of this observation, suggested by computer analysis of potential RNA secondary structures within the viral trans-activation response (TAR) elements, is that HIV-2 Tat requires the presentation of two viral RNA stem-loop sequences for full activity whereas HIV-1 Tat is maximally active upon presentation of a single stem-loop structure. Here, we demonstrate that the HIV-2 long terminal repeat indeed contains two functionally independent TAR elements. However, the second (3') TAR element of HIV-2 is significantly less active than the 5' TAR element and is functionally masked in the context of an intact HIV-2 long terminal repeat. Evidence is presented suggesting that the activities of these two HIV-2 TAR elements reflect, at least in part, their relative distances from the site of transcription initiation. Although the HIV-2 TAR element proximal to the viral mRNA cap site appears to be sufficient for effective trans activation by HIV-2 Tat in vitro, this functional redundancy may nevertheless serve to enhance HIV-2 replication in infected cells in vivo.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008969 Molecular Sequence Data Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. Sequence Data, Molecular,Molecular Sequencing Data,Data, Molecular Sequence,Data, Molecular Sequencing,Sequencing Data, Molecular
D009154 Mutation Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations. Mutations
D009690 Nucleic Acid Conformation The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape. DNA Conformation,RNA Conformation,Conformation, DNA,Conformation, Nucleic Acid,Conformation, RNA,Conformations, DNA,Conformations, Nucleic Acid,Conformations, RNA,DNA Conformations,Nucleic Acid Conformations,RNA Conformations
D002460 Cell Line Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely. Cell Lines,Line, Cell,Lines, Cell
D002872 Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome. Monosomy, Partial,Partial Monosomy,Deletion, Chromosome,Deletions, Chromosome,Monosomies, Partial,Partial Monosomies
D003001 Cloning, Molecular The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells. Molecular Cloning
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D001483 Base Sequence The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence. DNA Sequence,Nucleotide Sequence,RNA Sequence,DNA Sequences,Base Sequences,Nucleotide Sequences,RNA Sequences,Sequence, Base,Sequence, DNA,Sequence, Nucleotide,Sequence, RNA,Sequences, Base,Sequences, DNA,Sequences, Nucleotide,Sequences, RNA
D014162 Transfection The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES. Transfections

Related Publications

R Fenrick, and M H Malim, and J Hauber, and S Y Le, and J Maizel, and B R Cullen
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) trans-activator (Tat): functional domains and the search for trans-dominant negative mutants.
September 1993, AIDS research and human retroviruses,
R Fenrick, and M H Malim, and J Hauber, and S Y Le, and J Maizel, and B R Cullen
Autonomous functional domains of chemically synthesized human immunodeficiency virus tat trans-activator protein.
January 1990, Disease markers,
R Fenrick, and M H Malim, and J Hauber, and S Y Le, and J Maizel, and B R Cullen
Autonomous functional domains of chemically synthesized human immunodeficiency virus tat trans-activator protein.
December 1988, Cell,
R Fenrick, and M H Malim, and J Hauber, and S Y Le, and J Maizel, and B R Cullen
Random mutagenesis of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 trans-activator of transcription (HIV-1 Tat).
October 1992, Nucleic acids research,
R Fenrick, and M H Malim, and J Hauber, and S Y Le, and J Maizel, and B R Cullen
Does the human immunodeficiency virus Tat trans-activator contain a discrete activation domain?
October 1990, Virology,
R Fenrick, and M H Malim, and J Hauber, and S Y Le, and J Maizel, and B R Cullen
Changes in cellular proteins associated with the expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 trans-activator protein Tat.
November 1993, DNA and cell biology,
R Fenrick, and M H Malim, and J Hauber, and S Y Le, and J Maizel, and B R Cullen
Functional analysis of interactions between Tat and the trans-activation response element of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in cells.
September 1993, Journal of virology,
R Fenrick, and M H Malim, and J Hauber, and S Y Le, and J Maizel, and B R Cullen
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat activity in human neuronal cells: uptake and trans-activation.
August 1994, The Journal of general virology,
R Fenrick, and M H Malim, and J Hauber, and S Y Le, and J Maizel, and B R Cullen
Functional analysis of the N-terminal domain of Tat protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
September 1992, Oncogene,
R Fenrick, and M H Malim, and J Hauber, and S Y Le, and J Maizel, and B R Cullen
Chemical synthesis of biologically active tat trans-activating protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
June 1990, Journal of virology,
Copied contents to your clipboard!