Potential misconceptions arising from the application of enzyme kinetic equations to ligand-receptor systems at equilibrium. 1988

G Tomlinson
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.

The interactions of ligands with their receptors and the modulation of those interactions by other ligands are commonly described in the (verbal and mathematical) language of enzymology. While this analogy is appropriate in that velocity-substrate concentration curves and ligand-receptor binding isotherms often conform to similar rectangular hyperbolic relationships, the mathematical and conceptual similarities between the two systems strictly apply only to the simplest cases (absence or presence of a pure competitive inhibitor). To conclude that other classic forms of enzyme inhibition (uncompetitive, noncompetitive, mixed) have their exact mechanistic counterparts in "receptorology" can be misleading if due consideration is not given to the differences between the two types of system (steady-state versus equilibrium). In this communication, it is shown that relating receptor binding mechanisms to enzymological models results in Scatchard plots that are markedly different in appearance from the equivalent Eadie plots displaying enzyme kinetic data for all cases other than those in the absence of inhibitor or in the presence of a purely competitive inhibitor. It follows that receptor binding systems, which do produce inhibition patterns similar to those indicative of uncompetitive, noncompetitive, or mixed inhibition of an enzyme system, must do so through mechanisms that are different from those that produce these effects on enzymes. Consequently, terms such as uncompetitive or noncompetitive inhibition have different meanings when applied to receptors as compared with enzymes.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007700 Kinetics The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
D008024 Ligands A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Ligand
D008433 Mathematics The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed) Mathematic
D008954 Models, Biological Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment. Biological Model,Biological Models,Model, Biological,Models, Biologic,Biologic Model,Biologic Models,Model, Biologic
D011956 Receptors, Cell Surface Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands. Cell Surface Receptor,Cell Surface Receptors,Hormone Receptors, Cell Surface,Receptors, Endogenous Substances,Cell Surface Hormone Receptors,Endogenous Substances Receptors,Receptor, Cell Surface,Surface Receptor, Cell
D004791 Enzyme Inhibitors Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. Enzyme Inhibitor,Inhibitor, Enzyme,Inhibitors, Enzyme
D004798 Enzymes Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified. Biocatalyst,Enzyme,Biocatalysts
D001667 Binding, Competitive The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements. Competitive Binding

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