Since the discovery of aflatoxins, the ultimate question concerning mycotoxins in general is whether they relate to human as well as animal health. Sources of information on this question include results of several food and health surveys done in various countries. These studies have examined the possible relationship of mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs and the incidence of endemic human diseases in geographically defined regions. In addition, reports linking toxin contamination of dietary items and isolated cases of disease have also come from certain countries. Most of these reports have been concerned with aflatoxins which are among the more easily detected mycotoxins in foods. Suitable analytical methods for the more obscure mycotoxins are sorely needed. Certain recognized diseases which might be attributable to mycotoxins require further investigation. Factors favoring mycotoxin contamination of human foods are usually quite obvious, involving improper harvesting and methods of food storage that favor fungus contamination and growth. Use of fermented foods and beverages by native populations may offer certain risks to health; the role of regional food customs and climatic factors favoring fungus contamination of foods are also important. Proper inspection and control of food by governmental agencies as protective measures should be emphasized.