Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity has been localized previously within three classes of amacrine cells in the turtle retina. We have used the avidin-biotin with horseradish peroxidase technique to label these neurons for examination at the ultrastructural level to answer the following questions. Where are the synaptic contacts of these neurons made? What types of neurons are involved pre- and postsynaptically? What is the intracellular distribution of the immunoreactivity? Processes with neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity were located primarily within three regions of the inner plexiform layer: stratum 1, stratum 3, and at the border between strata 4 and 5. In all three regions the processes with neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity received synaptic contacts from both unlabeled amacrine and bipolar cells, but the majority of the synaptic input in all three regions was from unlabeled amacrine cells. Processes with neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity were presynaptic to unlabeled amacrine cells in all three regions, but also formed contacts onto unlabeled bipolar cells in the region between strata 4 and 5. The immunoreactivity within these cells gave rise to a diffuse reaction product that was distributed throughout the cytoplasm and within large vesicles. This localization of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity within large vesicles suggests that this peptide may play a neuromodulatory role. Such a role would be consistent with previous studies of neuropeptides in the turtle retina.