Anisotropic diffusion technique to eliminate speckle noise in continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound spectrogram. 2021

Saurav Bharadwaj
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Guwahati, India.

Paper described a simplified speckled elimination algorithm for the reconstruction of continuous-wave (CW) Doppler ultrasound spectrogram. Standard Nonlinear Anisotropic Diffusion (SNAD) technique fails to eliminate the speckle noise, blurs the interregional area of neighbouring speckle clusters and regulates the heat flow to preserve the systolic and diastolic peaks in the spectrogram. To resolve this problem, author modelled a kernel, conductance and diffusion function to regulate the blurring of speckle clusters and sharpen the high-contrast edges over low-contrast ones. Paper analysed the performance based on the variation of conductance (C), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE) and structural similarity index (SSIM) of each pairs of speckled and despeckled spectrograms. Quantitative analysis reveals that the minimised version of the kernel effectively regulates the flow of heat at edges with a high SNR (8 dB) and PSNR (>20 dB) for a low-frequency range of 20-25 Hz. SSIM (>0.9) shows an efficient structural reconstruction that identifies the lower and higher local SSIM indices as dark and bright pixels on SSIM maps. Hence, the algorithm performs its best at lower peak frequencies in the Doppler spectrograms.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008297 Male Males
D001916 Brachial Artery The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. Arteries, Brachial,Artery, Brachial,Brachial Arteries
D003971 Diastole Post-systolic relaxation of the HEART, especially the HEART VENTRICLES. Diastoles
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000328 Adult A person having attained full growth or maturity. Adults are of 19 through 44 years of age. For a person between 19 and 24 years of age, YOUNG ADULT is available. Adults
D000465 Algorithms A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. Algorithm
D013599 Systole Period of contraction of the HEART, especially of the HEART VENTRICLES. Systolic Time Interval,Interval, Systolic Time,Intervals, Systolic Time,Systoles,Systolic Time Intervals,Time Interval, Systolic,Time Intervals, Systolic
D016477 Artifacts Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. Artefacts,Artefact,Artifact
D016880 Anisotropy A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions. Anisotropies
D055815 Young Adult A person between 19 and 24 years of age. Adult, Young,Adults, Young,Young Adults

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