The effects of the opiate antagonist naloxone on serum LH concentrations was investigated in gonadectomized rats given different regimes of steroid pretreatment. Two injections of testosterone given 48 and 24 h before naloxone treatment failed to reinstate LH responses to this drug in castrated rats while subcutaneous testosterone-filled silicone elastomer capsules implanted for a week were effective in this respect. Injections of oestrogen, oestrogen plus progesterone or progesterone alone all restored LH responses to naloxone in ovariectomized rats when given 48 and/or 24 h before drug treatment, although the magnitude of these responses varied according to the precise steroid treatments. The hypothalamic-pituitary axis was also responsive to naloxone just before the progesterone-induced LH surge in oestrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. Results show that gonadal steroids are permissive to the effects of opiate drugs, but they suggest that endogenous opioid systems do not necessarily mediate the negative feedback effects of steroids. Some other factor(s), as yet unidentified in the rat, may control the opioid modulation of gonadotrophin secretion or exert an independent inhibitory effect on gonadotrophin release.