Pores in avian eggshells: gas conductance, gas exchange and embryonic growth rate. 1985

A Ar, and H Rahn

The number of pores (N) in eggshells of birds were counted in 161 species ranging in egg mass (W) from 0.9 to 500 g. In addition the water vapor conductance of the shell (G) mg X (d X Torr)-1, the water loss in the nest (M) mg X d-1, the incubation duration (I) d, and the shell thickness or pore length (L) micron are listed for each species when available. Allometric equations for all variables are given when regressed on egg mass. When log G is regressed on log N the slope is essentially 1.0 indicating that the G X N-1 for average pores in bird eggshells is 1.5 micrograms H2O X (d X Torr)-1 regardless of egg mass or incubation duration. According to Fick's law of diffusion such pores have a cross-sectional area to pore length ratio of 0.67 micron 2 X micron-1. Further analysis show that N, G, M, and the rate of oxygen consumption at the pre-internal pipping stage, are all directly proportional to the absolute mean growth rate of embryos (defined as 0.67 [W/I], g X d-1). Thus, single pores of typical eggshells not only have a similar conductance G X N-1, but also the metabolic rate and rate of water loss are matched to the pore conductance so that O2, CO2 fluxes per pore at the pre-internal pipping stage and water vapor flux per pore are similar among species, namely 68, 49 and 50 microliters X d-1, respectively. The partial pressure differences across the shell at the same stage are 42, 40 and 27 Torr, respectively. Ecological as well as taxonomical variation may alter some of the relationships predicted for the 'typical' egg in order to conserve a typical overall diffusive water loss.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D009425 Nesting Behavior Animal behavior associated with the nest; includes construction, effects of size and material; behavior of the adult during the nesting period and the effect of the nest on the behavior of the young. Behavior, Nesting,Behaviors, Nesting,Nesting Behaviors
D012119 Respiration The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration ( Breathing
D004528 Egg Shell A hard or leathery calciferous exterior covering of an egg. Eggshell,Egg Shells,Eggshells,Shell, Egg,Shells, Egg
D004625 Embryo, Nonmammalian The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO. Embryonic Structures, Nonmammalian,Embryo, Non-Mammalian,Embryonic Structures, Non-Mammalian,Nonmammalian Embryo,Nonmammalian Embryo Structures,Nonmammalian Embryonic Structures,Embryo Structure, Nonmammalian,Embryo Structures, Nonmammalian,Embryo, Non Mammalian,Embryonic Structure, Non-Mammalian,Embryonic Structure, Nonmammalian,Embryonic Structures, Non Mammalian,Embryos, Non-Mammalian,Embryos, Nonmammalian,Non-Mammalian Embryo,Non-Mammalian Embryonic Structure,Non-Mammalian Embryonic Structures,Non-Mammalian Embryos,Nonmammalian Embryo Structure,Nonmammalian Embryonic Structure,Nonmammalian Embryos,Structure, Non-Mammalian Embryonic,Structure, Nonmammalian Embryo,Structure, Nonmammalian Embryonic,Structures, Non-Mammalian Embryonic,Structures, Nonmammalian Embryo,Structures, Nonmammalian Embryonic
D006128 Growth Gradual increase in the number, the size, and the complexity of cells of an individual. Growth generally results in increase in ORGAN WEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; and BODY HEIGHT.
D006813 Humidity A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air. Humidities
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D001717 Birds Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves. Aves,Bird
D014870 Water Loss, Insensible Loss of water by diffusion through the skin and by evaporation from the respiratory tract. Insensible Water Loss,Insensible Water Losses

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