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A solid basis for the M4-approach has been developed over the past 10 years. Recent examples of the production of difficult-to-synthesize mammalian metabolites through microbial transformations attest to the utility of the methodology. There is, however, much more to be done. Model studies should be conducted to test parallels between microbial and mammalian S- and N-oxidations, O-glucuronidations, and ester and amide hydrolyses. Subsequently, even greater applications of M4- work can be envisioned. We have been pleased to see our colleagues in industry and academia adopt the M4- approach to solve difficult pharmacological and toxicological problems. In large measure, this has been our greatest reward for efforts initially presented before the membership of the American Society of Pharmacognosy in 1973.
R V Smith, and
J P Rosazza
December 2000,
Die Pharmazie,
R V Smith, and
J P Rosazza
August 1984,
Applied and environmental microbiology,
R V Smith, and
J P Rosazza
October 1985,
Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems,
R V Smith, and
J P Rosazza
March 1977,
Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems,
R V Smith, and
J P Rosazza
May 1999,
Current medicinal chemistry,
R V Smith, and
J P Rosazza
July 1982,
Applied and environmental microbiology,
R V Smith, and
J P Rosazza
December 1985,
Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems,
R V Smith, and
J P Rosazza
November 1989,
Pharmaceutical research,
R V Smith, and
J P Rosazza
January 1991,
Journal of natural products,
R V Smith, and
J P Rosazza
June 1997,
Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals,
