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The cytosine analogue 5-azacytidine induces very distinct undercondensations in human chromosomes if applied to lymphocyte cultures. The number of induced undercondensations and their chromosomal localization can be varied by the 5-azacytidine dose and the treatment time. "Pulverized" chromosomes or undercondensations in the G-band-positive chromosome regions are produced with high doses and long treatment times. If applied in low doses during the last hours of culture, 5-azacytidine induces specific undercondensations in the heterochromatin of chromosomes 1, 9, 15, 16, and Y. Optimum conditions required for inducing the various types of undercondensation in the chromosomes were determined. Various examples of the use of 5-azacytidine in the analysis of chromosome rearrangements involving heterochromatic regions are presented.
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