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In 1960 the pathophysiological mechanisms by which Na+ is involved in human essential hypertension were first elucidated by the finding that intracellular Na+ is elevated in red blood cells of essential hypertensives. Furthermore it was found that (1) transmembranous Na+ fluxes in red blood cells of essential hypertensives are changed in parallel with intracellular Na+ concentration, reflecting the metabolic disturbances better than the Na+ concentration measurements, (2) in normotensives with a familial disposition of essential hypertension intracellular Na+ and transmembranous Na+ fluxes are elevated, (3) uremia affects intracellular Na+ levels similarly as essential hypertension, and (4) intracellular free Na+ and free Ca++ is increased in spontaneously hypertensive rats. It can be assumed that elevated intracellular Na+ plays a causative role in essential hypertension.
H Losse, and
W Zidek, and
H Zumkley, and
F Wessels, and
H Vetter
January 1981,
Clinical and experimental hypertension,
H Losse, and
W Zidek, and
H Zumkley, and
F Wessels, and
H Vetter
February 1982,
British medical journal (Clinical research ed.),
H Losse, and
W Zidek, and
H Zumkley, and
F Wessels, and
H Vetter
January 1988,
Nihon Jinzo Gakkai shi,
H Losse, and
W Zidek, and
H Zumkley, and
F Wessels, and
H Vetter
April 1983,
La semaine des hopitaux : organe fonde par l'Association d'enseignement medical des hopitaux de Paris,
H Losse, and
W Zidek, and
H Zumkley, and
F Wessels, and
H Vetter
January 1980,
Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Innere Medizin,
H Losse, and
W Zidek, and
H Zumkley, and
F Wessels, and
H Vetter
September 1987,
Japanese heart journal,
H Losse, and
W Zidek, and
H Zumkley, and
F Wessels, and
H Vetter
August 1990,
Journal of human hypertension,
H Losse, and
W Zidek, and
H Zumkley, and
F Wessels, and
H Vetter
January 1992,
Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology. Supplement,
H Losse, and
W Zidek, and
H Zumkley, and
F Wessels, and
H Vetter
March 1991,
American journal of hypertension,
H Losse, and
W Zidek, and
H Zumkley, and
F Wessels, and
H Vetter
December 1995,
Journal of hypertension,
