The orienting response and stimulus significance: further comments. 1981

A S Bernstein

Siddle's (1979) assertion that the significance hypothesis is based on tautological argument regarding the effects of intensity decrease refer only to two papers which first suggested the need for research into determinants other than mismatch. Studies testing specific predictions followed in various laboratories, and it is their results that support the hypothesis. The hypothesis never depended on intensity decrease, and the charge of nonreplicability is incorrect. Siddle's argument concerning response stereotypy cannot account for the data showing response to significant 'novelty' coupled with nonresponse to nonsignificant 'novelty' in the same OR component, or for that showing consistent differences in various components between randomly selected groups. Arguments based on trait-lability are inadequate since tests of the lability hypothesis have confounded trait factors with the differences in stimulus assessment they hope to test. The significance hypothesis emphasizes stimulus information in the OR, significance serving to limit access to central processing channels to those signals whose information is relevant for the organism. OR components are seen as long-latency responses elicited after automatic early detection of uncertainty and significance, and reflect higher processing of significant information. A distinction between involuntary and voluntary phases of attention is acknowledged, but it is questioned whether OR components can be assigned to the former because of the frequent failure of 'automatic' ORs to innocuous stimuli, the long latency of most components, and failure to demonstrate structural differences between the classes of response.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D009949 Orientation Awareness of oneself in relation to time, place and person. Cognitive Orientation,Mental Orientation,Psychological Orientation,Cognitive Orientations,Mental Orientations,Orientation, Cognitive,Orientation, Mental,Orientation, Psychological,Orientations,Orientations, Cognitive,Orientations, Mental,Orientations, Psychological,Psychological Orientations
D005712 Galvanic Skin Response A change in electrical resistance of the skin, occurring in emotion and in certain other conditions. Electric Conductance, Skin,Electrodermal Response,Reflex, Psychogalvanic,Skin Electric Conductance,Conductance, Skin Electric,Conductances, Skin Electric,Electric Conductances, Skin,Electrodermal Responses,Galvanic Skin Responses,Psychogalvanic Reflex,Response, Electrodermal,Response, Galvanic Skin,Responses, Electrodermal,Responses, Galvanic Skin,Skin Response, Galvanic,Skin Responses, Galvanic
D006185 Habituation, Psychophysiologic The disappearance of responsiveness to a repeated stimulation. It does not include drug habituation. Habituation (Psychophysiology),Habituation, Psychophysiological,Psychophysiologic Habituation,Psychophysiological Habituation,Habituations (Psychophysiology)
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D001143 Arousal Cortical vigilance or readiness of tone, presumed to be in response to sensory stimulation via the reticular activating system. Vigilance, Cortical,Arousals,Cortical Vigilance
D001288 Attention Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating. Focus of Attention,Selective Attention,Social Attention,Attention Focus,Attention, Selective,Attention, Social,Selective Attentions
D012684 Sensory Thresholds The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response. Sensory Threshold,Threshold, Sensory,Thresholds, Sensory
D013216 Reflex, Startle A complex involuntary response to an unexpected strong stimulus. The reaction involves physical movement away from the stimulus, MUSCLE CONTRACTION and limb flexion, BLINKING, and changes in HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, and RESPIRATION. Startle Reaction,Acoustic Startle Reflex,Reflex, Moro,Startle Response,Moro Reflex,Reaction, Startle,Reactions, Startle,Reflex, Acoustic Startle,Response, Startle,Responses, Startle,Startle Reactions,Startle Reflex,Startle Reflex, Acoustic,Startle Responses
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