Using a rabbit model of pneumococcal meningitis, we compared the pharmacokinetics and bactericidal activities in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of older (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin) and newer (levofloxacin, temafloxacin, CP-116,517, and Win 57273) quinolones with those of the beta-lactam ceftriaxone. All quinolones penetrated into the inflamed CSF better than ceftriaxone, and the speed of entry into CSF was closely related to their degrees of lipophilicity. At a dose of 10 mg/kg.h, which in the case of the quinolones already in use in clinical practice produced concentrations attainable in the sera and CSF of humans, ciprofloxacin had no antipneumococcal activity (delta log10 CFU/ml.h, +0.20 +/- 0.14). Ofloxacin (delta log10 CFU/ml.h, -0.13 +/- 0.12), temafloxacin (delta log10 CFU/ml.h, -0.19 +/- 0.18), and levofloxacin (delta log10 CFU/ml.h, -0.24 +/- 0.16) showed slow bactericidal activity (not significantly different from each other), while CP-116,517 (delta log10 CFU/ml.h, -0.59 +/- 0.21) and Win 57273 (delta log10 CFU/ml.h, -0.72 +/- 0.20) showed increased bactericidal activities in CSF that was comparable to that of ceftriaxone at 10 mg/kg.h (delta log10 CFU/ml.h, -0.80 +/- 0.17). These improved in vivo activities of the newer quinolones reflected their increased in vitro activities. All quinolones and ceftriaxone showed positive correlations between bactericidal rates in CSF and concentrations in CSF relative to their MBCs. Only when this ratio exceeded 10 did the antibiotics exhibit rapid bactericidal activities in CSF. In conclusion, in experimental pneumococcal meningitis the activities of new quinolones with improved antipneumococcal activities were comparable to that of ceftriaxone.