The capacity of peroral immunization with either two or three doses of B subunit-whole cell (B-WC) cholera vaccine to induce immunological memory was examined in Swedish volunteers by testing the immune responses to a single dose of B-WC vaccine given 10 months after the initial immunization. Antibody responses in serum and antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses in peripheral blood were studied, since these responses seem to reflect the gut mucosal IgA immune responses after oral immunization with B-WC vaccine. Previously immunized volunteers responded to a single dose of B-WC vaccine more frequently and with higher levels of IgA and IgG antitoxin antibodies as well as vibriocidal antibodies in serum than did previously unvaccinated controls. The IgA-ASC responses to cholera toxin B subunit were also higher in primed volunteers than in controls. Two doses of B-WC vaccine were as effective as three doses in inducing immunological memory for cholera immunity. A new B-WC cholera vaccine based on recombinant B subunit had the same capacity as the first generation of B-WC vaccine to induce immunological memory for cholera antitoxin immunity.