Biomaterial Database

Mechanism of cholinergic stimulation of glucose oxidation in isolated gastric glands. 1994

I Hernandez, and J Chacin

Laboratorio de Investigaciones Gastrointestinales, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.

The mechanisms of cholinergic activation of carbohydrate metabolism were investigated in isolated rabbit gastric glands. Carbachol stimulated the rate of glucose oxidation in a dose-dependent fashion with a half-maximal effect occurring at approximately 9 microM. Atropine and omeprazole, but not cimetidine, completely blocked the stimulation induced by carbachol. Direct activation of the H(+)-K(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase by NH+4 caused a significant stimulation of glucose oxidation that was totally abolished by oligomycin and by the mitochondrial uncouplers dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. These latter agents did not abolish the stimulating effect of carbachol on glucose oxidation. Ionomycin increased the rate of glucose oxidation in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect was not blocked by oligomycin. The metabolic effect of ionomycin was reduced but not abolished by omeprazole. 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester eliminated the carbachol-induced stimulation of glucose oxidation and partially inhibited the effect of NH+4. The mitochondrial enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase were activated by physiological concentrations of calcium in the isolated mitochondria. This effect was blocked by incubation with ruthenium red.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007655	Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex		2-Keto-4-Hydroxyglutarate Dehydrogenase,2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase,2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex,Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase,alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase,alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex,2 Keto 4 Hydroxyglutarate Dehydrogenase,2 Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase,2 Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex,Complex, 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase,Complex, Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase,Complex, alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase,Dehydrogenase Complex, 2-Oxoglutarate,Dehydrogenase Complex, Ketoglutarate,Dehydrogenase Complex, alpha-Ketoglutarate,Dehydrogenase, 2-Keto-4-Hydroxyglutarate,Dehydrogenase, 2-Oxoglutarate,Dehydrogenase, Oxoglutarate,Dehydrogenase, alpha-Ketoglutarate,alpha Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase,alpha Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex
D008928	Mitochondria	Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)	Mitochondrial Contraction,Mitochondrion,Contraction, Mitochondrial,Contractions, Mitochondrial,Mitochondrial Contractions
D009840	Oligomycins	A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	Oligomycin
D009853	Omeprazole	A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	H 168-68,Omeprazole Magnesium,Omeprazole Sodium,Prilosec,H 168 68,H 16868,Magnesium, Omeprazole,Sodium, Omeprazole
D010084	Oxidation-Reduction	A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).	Redox,Oxidation Reduction
D010277	Parasympathomimetics	Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS) are not included here.	Parasympathomimetic Agents,Parasympathomimetic Drugs,Parasympathomimetic Effect,Parasympathomimetic Effects,Agents, Parasympathomimetic,Drugs, Parasympathomimetic,Effect, Parasympathomimetic,Effects, Parasympathomimetic
D011768	Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex	A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phosphorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)	Complex, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase,Dehydrogenase Complex, Pyruvate
D011817	Rabbits	A burrowing plant-eating mammal with hind limbs that are longer than its fore limbs. It belongs to the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, and in contrast to hares, possesses 22 instead of 24 pairs of chromosomes.	Belgian Hare,New Zealand Rabbit,New Zealand Rabbits,New Zealand White Rabbit,Rabbit,Rabbit, Domestic,Chinchilla Rabbits,NZW Rabbits,New Zealand White Rabbits,Oryctolagus cuniculus,Chinchilla Rabbit,Domestic Rabbit,Domestic Rabbits,Hare, Belgian,NZW Rabbit,Rabbit, Chinchilla,Rabbit, NZW,Rabbit, New Zealand,Rabbits, Chinchilla,Rabbits, Domestic,Rabbits, NZW,Rabbits, New Zealand,Zealand Rabbit, New,Zealand Rabbits, New,cuniculus, Oryctolagus
D002118	Calcium	A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.	Coagulation Factor IV,Factor IV,Blood Coagulation Factor IV,Calcium-40,Calcium 40,Factor IV, Coagulation
D002217	Carbachol	A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	Carbamylcholine,Carbacholine,Carbamann,Carbamoylcholine,Carbastat,Carbocholine,Carboptic,Doryl,Isopto Carbachol,Jestryl,Miostat,Carbachol, Isopto