1. The effects of distension of the urinary bladder on heart rate, maximum rate of change of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt max) and hindlimb vascular resistance together with their modulation at different carotid sinus pressures were studied in dogs anaesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and urethane and artificially ventilated. 2. When the carotid sinus mean perfusion pressure was raised in randomly selected steps from 60 to 210 mmHg, it caused a progressive bradycardia, and a reduction in left ventricular dP/dt max and in arterial blood pressure, together with vasodilatation in the perfused hindlimb. Distension of the bladder at each level of carotid sinus pressure resulted in tachycardia, a small but significant increase in left ventricular dP/dt max (160 +/- 30 mmHg s-1) and hindlimb vasoconstriction. 3. When heart rate and arterial blood pressure were held constant to exclude these secondary effects on left ventricular dP/dt max, raising the carotid sinus pressure caused a progressive reduction in left ventricular dP/dt max and hindlimb vasodilatation. Superimposition of tests of bladder distension at each level of sinus pressure resulted in variable responses, but overall there was a significant increase in left ventricular dP/dt max of 190 +/- 54 mmHg s-1. Hindlimb vasocontriction, however, was a consistent finding. 4. The gain of the relationship between the carotid sinus perfusion pressure and left ventricular dP/dt max was unaffected by distension of the bladder. 5. It is concluded that, when changes secondary to increases in heart rate and blood pressure are prevented, distension of the bladder causes a small but significant reflex increase in left ventricular dP/dt max. The responses, however, are variable and the possible reasons for this are discussed.