Methylethyl ketoxime (CAS No. 96-29-7; MEKO; 2-butanone oxime), an antioxidant agent used in paints, resins, and adhesives, was tested for reproductive toxicity in a two-generation study with CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats. Thirty-eight-week-old rats/sex/group (F0) were administered MEKO in water, by gavage, at 0, 10, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day (at a dosing volume of 2 ml/kg), 5 days/week for 10 weeks with vaginal cytology evaluation (VCE) of F0 females during the last 3 weeks of the prebreed period. Animals were mated within groups for 3 weeks with dosing during mating, gestation, and lactation for 7 days/week. F0 parents and F1 weanlings, 10/sex/dose, were necropsied (after a 2-week postwean VCE in F0 females) with hematologic evaluation (including methemoglobin) and histology of adult livers, spleens, and reproductive organs. F1 weanlings, 30/sex/dose, were dosed for 11 weeks and mated as described above. Because of poor reproductive performance, not treatment related, F1 animals with no F2a litters were rebred to produce F2b litters. F1 parents and F2a weanlings, 10/sex/dose, were necropsied and evaluated as described above. Inguinal mammary glands were examined histologically from all nonselected F1 and F2 (a and b) female weanlings. Adult toxicity was observed in both generations and both sexes at all doses. Treatment-related parental deaths occurred at 200 mg/kg/day. At 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, parents exhibited dose-related reduced body weights and weight gains, reduced feed consumption, clinical signs of toxicity, and anemia with concomitant extramedullary hematopoiesis and hemosiderosis in livers and spleens (and increased spleen weights). At 10 mg/kg/day, only adult liver and spleen histologic effects were present. There was no evidence of reproductive organ or mammary glad pathology or of reproductive or postnatal toxicity at any dose tested. There was no adult "no observable adverse effect level" (NOAEL) established; the NOAEL for reproductive and postnatal toxicity was at least 200 mg/kg/day for rats in this study.