The human IgE germline promoter is regulated by interleukin-4, interleukin-13, interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma via an interferon-gamma-activated site and its flanking regions. 1996

J Ezernieks, and B Schnarr, and K Metz, and A Duschl
Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg Physiologische Chemie II, Germany.

Class switching to IgE is preceded by the appearance of epsilon germline transcripts, which are induced by interleukin-4 (IL-4) and by IL-13. A 51-bp fragment of the human epsilon germline promoter conferred in reporter gene assays with the erythroleukemic cell line TF-1 upregulation of transcription by IL-4 or IL-13, and repression by interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and IFN-gamma. A central IFN-gamma activated sequence within the 51-bp fragment was sufficient for transcriptional regulation by the cytokines in the absence of its normal flanking regions. In contrast, deletion of either upstream or downstream sequences abolished repression by IFN-alpha or INF-gamma, but not upregulation by IL-4 or IL-13. IL-4 stimulated reporter gene transcription required more than ten times higher concentrations than cell proliferation or tyrosine phosphorylation of the IL-4 receptor.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007073 Immunoglobulin E An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE). IgE
D007134 Immunoglobulin Switch Region A site located in the INTRONS at the 5' end of each constant region segment of a immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene where recombination (or rearrangement) occur during IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASS SWITCHING. Ig switch regions are found on genes encoding all five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN ISOTYPES) of IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS. Ig Switch Region,Switch Region, Immunoglobulin,Heavy-Chain Mu Switch Region,Ig Switch Sequences,Ig Switch Regions,Ig Switch Sequence,Immunoglobulin Switch Regions,Region, Ig Switch,Region, Immunoglobulin Switch,Regions, Ig Switch,Regions, Immunoglobulin Switch,Sequence, Ig Switch,Sequences, Ig Switch,Switch Region, Ig,Switch Regions, Ig,Switch Regions, Immunoglobulin,Switch Sequence, Ig,Switch Sequences, Ig
D007371 Interferon-gamma The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES. Interferon Type II,Interferon, Immune,gamma-Interferon,Interferon, gamma,Type II Interferon,Immune Interferon,Interferon, Type II
D008969 Molecular Sequence Data Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. Sequence Data, Molecular,Molecular Sequencing Data,Data, Molecular Sequence,Data, Molecular Sequencing,Sequencing Data, Molecular
D011401 Promoter Regions, Genetic DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes. rRNA Promoter,Early Promoters, Genetic,Late Promoters, Genetic,Middle Promoters, Genetic,Promoter Regions,Promoter, Genetic,Promotor Regions,Promotor, Genetic,Pseudopromoter, Genetic,Early Promoter, Genetic,Genetic Late Promoter,Genetic Middle Promoters,Genetic Promoter,Genetic Promoter Region,Genetic Promoter Regions,Genetic Promoters,Genetic Promotor,Genetic Promotors,Genetic Pseudopromoter,Genetic Pseudopromoters,Late Promoter, Genetic,Middle Promoter, Genetic,Promoter Region,Promoter Region, Genetic,Promoter, Genetic Early,Promoter, rRNA,Promoters, Genetic,Promoters, Genetic Middle,Promoters, rRNA,Promotor Region,Promotors, Genetic,Pseudopromoters, Genetic,Region, Genetic Promoter,Region, Promoter,Region, Promotor,Regions, Genetic Promoter,Regions, Promoter,Regions, Promotor,rRNA Promoters
D002460 Cell Line Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely. Cell Lines,Line, Cell,Lines, Cell
D004247 DNA A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine). DNA, Double-Stranded,Deoxyribonucleic Acid,ds-DNA,DNA, Double Stranded,Double-Stranded DNA,ds DNA
D004742 Enhancer Elements, Genetic Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter. Enhancer Elements,Enhancer Sequences,Element, Enhancer,Element, Genetic Enhancer,Elements, Enhancer,Elements, Genetic Enhancer,Enhancer Element,Enhancer Element, Genetic,Enhancer Sequence,Genetic Enhancer Element,Genetic Enhancer Elements,Sequence, Enhancer,Sequences, Enhancer
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000916 Antibody Diversity The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of ANTIBODIES. It enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of ANTIGENS it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: (1) the Germ Line Theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; (2) the Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and (3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION gene segments during the differentiation of the ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS. Germ Line Theory,Antibody Diversities,Diversities, Antibody,Diversity, Antibody,Germ Line Theories,Theories, Germ Line,Theory, Germ Line

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