Characterization of the human CALM2 calmodulin gene and comparison of the transcriptional activity of CALM1, CALM2 and CALM3. 1998

S L Toutenhoofd, and D Foletti, and R Wicki, and J A Rhyner, and F Garcia, and R Tolon, and E E Strehler
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Human calmodulin is encoded by three genes CALM1, CALM2 and CALM3 located on different chromosomes. To complete the characterization of this family, the exon-intron structure of CALM2 was solved by a combination of genomic DNA library screening and genomic PCR amplification. Intron interruptions were found at identical positions in human CALM2 as in CALM1 and CALM3; however, the overall size of CALM2 (16 kb) was almost twice that of the other two human CALM genes. Over 1 kb of the 5' flanking sequence of human CALM2 were determined, revealing the presence of a TATA-like sequence 27 nucleotides upstream of the transcriptional start site and several conserved sequence elements possibly involved in the regulation of this gene. To determine if differential transcriptional activity plays a major role in regulating cellular calmodulin levels, we directly measured and compared the mRNA abundance and transcriptional activity of the three CALM genes in proliferating human teratoma cells. CALM3 was at least 5-fold more actively transcribed than CALM1 or CALM2. CALM transcriptional activity agreed well with the mRNA abundance profile in the teratoma cells. In transient transfections using luciferase reporter genes driven by 1 kb of the 5' flanking DNA of the three CALM genes, the promoter activity correlated with the endogenous CALM transcriptional activity, but only when the 5' untranslated regions were included in the constructs. We conclude that the CALM gene family is differentially active at the transcriptional level in teratoma cells and that the 5' untranslated regions are necessary to recover full promoter activation.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007438 Introns Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes. Intervening Sequences,Sequences, Intervening,Intervening Sequence,Intron,Sequence, Intervening
D008969 Molecular Sequence Data Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. Sequence Data, Molecular,Molecular Sequencing Data,Data, Molecular Sequence,Data, Molecular Sequencing,Sequencing Data, Molecular
D009928 Organ Specificity Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen. Tissue Specificity,Organ Specificities,Specificities, Organ,Specificities, Tissue,Specificity, Organ,Specificity, Tissue,Tissue Specificities
D002147 Calmodulin A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. Calcium-Dependent Activator Protein,Calcium-Dependent Regulator,Bovine Activator Protein,Cyclic AMP-Phosphodiesterase Activator,Phosphodiesterase Activating Factor,Phosphodiesterase Activator Protein,Phosphodiesterase Protein Activator,Regulator, Calcium-Dependent,AMP-Phosphodiesterase Activator, Cyclic,Activating Factor, Phosphodiesterase,Activator Protein, Bovine,Activator Protein, Calcium-Dependent,Activator Protein, Phosphodiesterase,Activator, Cyclic AMP-Phosphodiesterase,Activator, Phosphodiesterase Protein,Calcium Dependent Activator Protein,Calcium Dependent Regulator,Cyclic AMP Phosphodiesterase Activator,Factor, Phosphodiesterase Activating,Protein Activator, Phosphodiesterase,Protein, Bovine Activator,Protein, Calcium-Dependent Activator,Protein, Phosphodiesterase Activator,Regulator, Calcium Dependent
D003001 Cloning, Molecular The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells. Molecular Cloning
D005091 Exons The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA. Mini-Exon,Exon,Mini Exon,Mini-Exons
D005786 Gene Expression Regulation Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation. Gene Action Regulation,Regulation of Gene Expression,Expression Regulation, Gene,Regulation, Gene Action,Regulation, Gene Expression
D005796 Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. Cistron,Gene,Genetic Materials,Cistrons,Genetic Material,Material, Genetic,Materials, Genetic
D005810 Multigene Family A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed) Gene Clusters,Genes, Reiterated,Cluster, Gene,Clusters, Gene,Families, Multigene,Family, Multigene,Gene Cluster,Gene, Reiterated,Multigene Families,Reiterated Gene,Reiterated Genes
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man

Related Publications

S L Toutenhoofd, and D Foletti, and R Wicki, and J A Rhyner, and F Garcia, and R Tolon, and E E Strehler
May 1993, Genomics,
S L Toutenhoofd, and D Foletti, and R Wicki, and J A Rhyner, and F Garcia, and R Tolon, and E E Strehler
April 2016, Circulation. Cardiovascular genetics,
S L Toutenhoofd, and D Foletti, and R Wicki, and J A Rhyner, and F Garcia, and R Tolon, and E E Strehler
August 2023, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry,
S L Toutenhoofd, and D Foletti, and R Wicki, and J A Rhyner, and F Garcia, and R Tolon, and E E Strehler
October 1994, European journal of biochemistry,
S L Toutenhoofd, and D Foletti, and R Wicki, and J A Rhyner, and F Garcia, and R Tolon, and E E Strehler
July 1997, Neuroscience letters,
S L Toutenhoofd, and D Foletti, and R Wicki, and J A Rhyner, and F Garcia, and R Tolon, and E E Strehler
August 2016, Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology,
S L Toutenhoofd, and D Foletti, and R Wicki, and J A Rhyner, and F Garcia, and R Tolon, and E E Strehler
November 2001, Animal biotechnology,
S L Toutenhoofd, and D Foletti, and R Wicki, and J A Rhyner, and F Garcia, and R Tolon, and E E Strehler
November 2006, Gene,
S L Toutenhoofd, and D Foletti, and R Wicki, and J A Rhyner, and F Garcia, and R Tolon, and E E Strehler
September 1994, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine,
S L Toutenhoofd, and D Foletti, and R Wicki, and J A Rhyner, and F Garcia, and R Tolon, and E E Strehler
May 2003, Genomics,
Copied contents to your clipboard!