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An immune adherence hemagglutination assay (IAHA) for the detection of antibody to the Norwalk agent of acute epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis was developed using as antigen virus purified from stool from an experimentally infected volunteer. The assay was sensitive and specific and was efficient for detecting Norwalk antibody seroresponses. The prevalence of Norwalk antibody in various groups in the United States was studied. Antibody to the Norwalk agent was acquired gradually, beginning slowly in childhood and accelerating in the adult period so that by the fifth decade 50% possessed antibody. This pattern of antibody acquisition contrasted sharply with that for the human rotavirus of infantile gastroenteritis. Rotavirus antibody was acquired during early childhood by almost all individuals in the pediatric groups studied. Antibody to the Norwalk agent was also found in rural Bangladesh; in a small prevalence survey of 39 children and adults 21% possessed Norwalk IAHA antibody, whereas 95% possessed antibody to the human rotavirus.
A Z Kapikian, and
H B Greenberg, and
W L Cline, and
A R Kalica, and
R G Wyatt, and
H D James, and
N L Lloyd, and
R M Chanock, and
R W Ryder, and
H W Kim
December 1976,
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.),
A Z Kapikian, and
H B Greenberg, and
W L Cline, and
A R Kalica, and
R G Wyatt, and
H D James, and
N L Lloyd, and
R M Chanock, and
R W Ryder, and
H W Kim
April 1976,
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.),
A Z Kapikian, and
H B Greenberg, and
W L Cline, and
A R Kalica, and
R G Wyatt, and
H D James, and
N L Lloyd, and
R M Chanock, and
R W Ryder, and
H W Kim
August 1993,
Kansenshogaku zasshi. The Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases,
A Z Kapikian, and
H B Greenberg, and
W L Cline, and
A R Kalica, and
R G Wyatt, and
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N L Lloyd, and
R M Chanock, and
R W Ryder, and
H W Kim
January 1982,
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A Z Kapikian, and
H B Greenberg, and
W L Cline, and
A R Kalica, and
R G Wyatt, and
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N L Lloyd, and
R M Chanock, and
R W Ryder, and
H W Kim
September 1984,
The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health,
A Z Kapikian, and
H B Greenberg, and
W L Cline, and
A R Kalica, and
R G Wyatt, and
H D James, and
N L Lloyd, and
R M Chanock, and
R W Ryder, and
H W Kim
January 1978,
Journal of medical virology,
A Z Kapikian, and
H B Greenberg, and
W L Cline, and
A R Kalica, and
R G Wyatt, and
H D James, and
N L Lloyd, and
R M Chanock, and
R W Ryder, and
H W Kim
December 1979,
Journal of clinical microbiology,
A Z Kapikian, and
H B Greenberg, and
W L Cline, and
A R Kalica, and
R G Wyatt, and
H D James, and
N L Lloyd, and
R M Chanock, and
R W Ryder, and
H W Kim
September 1975,
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950),
A Z Kapikian, and
H B Greenberg, and
W L Cline, and
A R Kalica, and
R G Wyatt, and
H D James, and
N L Lloyd, and
R M Chanock, and
R W Ryder, and
H W Kim
August 1983,
Japanese journal of medical science & biology,
A Z Kapikian, and
H B Greenberg, and
W L Cline, and
A R Kalica, and
R G Wyatt, and
H D James, and
N L Lloyd, and
R M Chanock, and
R W Ryder, and
H W Kim
January 1979,
Journal of medical virology,
