Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic starch and cellulose nanofibers as green nanocomposites: Extrusion processing. 2018

Abbas Ghanbari, and Taghi Tabarsa, and Alireza Ashori, and Alireza Shakeri, and Mahdi Mashkour
Department of Wood Engineering and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

This research was aimed at studying the preparation of thermoplastic starch (TPS) from cornstarch flour using twin screw extrusion. Also, the effects of the addition of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as reinforcement, on TPS nanocomposite films properties were evaluated. Nanocomposites with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5wt% of CNFs content were prepared. The chemical structure of starch, TPS and TPS/CNFs were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties, morphological structure, and thermal stability of neat thermoplastic starch and their nanocomposites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and water absorption (WA) test. Results showed that it was possible to improve the WA, thermal, and mechanical properties of TPS with the addition of CNFs due to its good dispersion and the interaction of CNFs with the TPS matrix. The storage modulus, loss modulus, and the tan δ peak position of TPS/CNF nanocomposites improved in comparison with the TPS matrix. These findings confirmed the enhancement of mechanical properties of TPS/CNF nanocomposites. In addition, TGA and DSC results showed that increasing CNF content improves the thermal stability of TPS-based nanocomposites. SEM images showed that CNFs dispersion within the TPS matrix was uniform and the surfaces of TPS/CNF films were smooth. The WA of the TPS/CNF composites moderately decreased with the addition of CNFs. Finally, the results obtained clearly showed the advantages of reinforcing TPS with CNFs, a natural, cheap and abundant green nanocomposite.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008855 Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. Scanning Electron Microscopy,Electron Scanning Microscopy,Electron Microscopies, Scanning,Electron Microscopy, Scanning,Electron Scanning Microscopies,Microscopies, Electron Scanning,Microscopies, Scanning Electron,Microscopy, Electron Scanning,Microscopy, Scanning Electron,Scanning Electron Microscopies,Scanning Microscopies, Electron,Scanning Microscopy, Electron
D002152 Calorimetry, Differential Scanning Differential thermal analysis in which the sample compartment of the apparatus is a differential calorimeter, allowing an exact measure of the heat of transition independent of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other variables of the sample. Differential Thermal Analysis, Calorimetric,Calorimetric Differential Thermal Analysis,Differential Scanning Calorimetry,Scanning Calorimetry, Differential
D002482 Cellulose A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. Alphacel,Avicel,Heweten,Polyanhydroglucuronic Acid,Rayophane,Sulfite Cellulose,alpha-Cellulose,Acid, Polyanhydroglucuronic,alpha Cellulose
D013213 Starch Any of a group of polysaccharides of the general formula (C6-H10-O5)n, composed of a long-chain polymer of glucose in the form of amylose and amylopectin. It is the chief storage form of energy reserve (carbohydrates) in plants. Amylomaize Starch,Amylum,Cornstarch,Keoflo,Starch, Amylomaize
D013696 Temperature The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms. Temperatures
D013718 Tensile Strength The maximum stress a material subjected to a stretching load can withstand without tearing. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p2001) Strength, Tensile,Strengths, Tensile,Tensile Strengths
D014961 X-Ray Diffraction The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) Xray Diffraction,Diffraction, X-Ray,Diffraction, Xray,Diffractions, X-Ray,Diffractions, Xray,X Ray Diffraction,X-Ray Diffractions,Xray Diffractions
D017550 Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained. FTIR,Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,Spectroscopy, Infrared, Fourier Transform
D053761 Nanocomposites Nanometer-scale composite structures composed of organic molecules intimately incorporated with inorganic molecules. (Glossary of Biotechnology and Nanobiotechology Terms, 4th ed) Nanocomposite
D055772 Green Chemistry Technology Pollution prevention through the design of effective chemical products that have low or no toxicity and use of chemical processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Environmentally Friendly Chemical Techniques,Environmentally Friendly Chemical Technology,Environmentally Friendly Chemistry Technology,Green Chemical Techniques,Sustainable Chemistry Technology,Chemical Technique, Green,Chemical Techniques, Green,Chemistry Technologies, Green,Chemistry Technologies, Sustainable,Chemistry Technology, Green,Chemistry Technology, Sustainable,Green Chemical Technique,Green Chemistry Technologies,Sustainable Chemistry Technologies,Technique, Green Chemical,Techniques, Green Chemical,Technologies, Green Chemistry,Technologies, Sustainable Chemistry,Technology, Green Chemistry,Technology, Sustainable Chemistry

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