Although gastrointestinal (GI) cancers pose a great challenge to public health, data are scant for understanding the burden of GI cancers in China. We aimed to provide an updated estimate of the burden of major GI cancers in China over three decades. According to the GLOBOCAN 2020 database, 1,922,362 GI cancer cases were newly diagnosed and 1,497,388 deaths occurred in China in 2020, with the highest incidence in colorectal cancer (555,480 new cases; 23.90/100,000 age-standardized incidence rate [ASIR]) and the highest mortality in liver cancer (391,150 deaths; 17.20/100,000 age-standardized mortality rate [ASMR]). The age-standardized rates (ASRs) in incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates for esophageal, gastric, and liver cancers have declined overall (1990-2019, average annual perventage change [AAPC] < 0%, p < 0.001) but have become flattened or reversed in recent years, alarmingly. The spectrum of GI cancers in China will continue transitioning in the next decade, characterized by rapid increases in colorectal and pancreatic cancers in addition to a high burden of esophageal, gastric, and liver cancers. High body-mass index was found to be the fastest-growing risk factor for GI cancers (estimated annual perventage change [EAPC]: 2.35%-3.20%, all p < 0.001), whereas smoking and alcohol consumption remained the top contributors to GI cancer-related deaths in men. In conclusion, GI cancers in China are challenging the healthcare system with a growing burden and a transitioning pattern. Comprehensive strategies are needed to reach the Healthy China 2030 target.